•\ Scale Tool (S): For the dialog box, use Object ➤ Transform ➤ Scale. Scaling can be uniform or non-uniform on the horizontal or vertical, up to positive or negative of 20000%. In the Options, by default, the object is transformed, and if patterns were present, they could be transformed as well. However, you can also choose to scale corners and scale strokes and effects if present. The object or copy is scaled around the reference point which can be adjusted outside the dialog box if you want to do a manual scale. Click Copy rather than OK when you need to create a scaled copy leaving the original in place. Refer to Figure 6-38.
Figure 6-38. Use the Scale tool or Scale dialog box to scale a shape or copy
•\ Shear Tool: For the dialog box, use Object ➤ Transform ➤ Shear. You can set a Shear Angle (0–360) degrees. Set the axis as horizontal, vertical, or an angle (0–360) degrees. In the Options, by default, the object is transformed, and if patterns were present, they could be transformed as well. This will cause a distortion in the object or path. The object or copy is sheared around the reference point which can be adjusted outside the dialog box if you want to do a manual shear. Click Copy rather than OK when you need to create a sheared copy leaving the original in place. Refer to Figure 6-39.
Figure 6-39. Use the Shear tool or Shear dialog box to shear a shape or copy
Tip Outside the dialog box, create a copy for any of these tools (Rotate, Reflect, Scale, Shear). While using the tool, set the reference point to a new location, then hold down the Alt/Option key and drag out a new copy based on the setting of the reference point. Refer to Figure 6-40.
Figure 6-40. Outside the dialog box, you can manually use the reference point and the Alt/Option key with a Rotate, Reflect, Scale, or Shear tool to create a copy of a path
After using the dialog box, you can repeat any of these steps with Object ➤ Transform again. Use the Reset Bounding Box setting when you want to reset the bounding box after a transformation. Refer to Figure 6-41.
Figure 6-41. Object ➤ Transform Options, Transform Each dialog box and the Free Transform tool
Tip While not a topic of this book, Object ➤ Transform Each has its own dialog box and will allow you to do multiple transformations such as Scale, Move, Rotate, and Reflect all at once. This can affect both objects and their patterns. You can also use the Free Transform Tool (E) if you want to do these transformations of Free transform (rotate, reflect, scale, skew), perspective, and free distort manually. Refer to Figure 6-41.
Here are some pages for more details on the topics of using tools and related dialog boxes for distortion:
https://helpx.adobe.com/illustrator/using/rotating-reflecting-objects.html
https://helpx.adobe.com/illustrator/using/scaling-shearing-distorting-objects.html